Comparison of Shear Bond Strength and Adhesive Remnant Index of Modified and Conventional Orthodontic Adhesives in non-thermocycled and thermocycled samples: an in-vitro study
Shear Bond Strength and Adhesive Remnant Index Characterizations of Orthodontic Adhesives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52442/jrmi.v12i2.1125Keywords:
Adhesive Remnant Index, Bioactive Glass, Dental Materials, Graphene, Orthodontic Adhesives, Shear Bond Strength, ThermocyclingAbstract
Introduction: Reliable bracket bonding is essential for successful orthodontic treatment, as inadequate shear bond strength (SBS) may cause bracket failure. Conventional orthodontic adhesives may degrade under oral aging conditions, while graphene- and bioactive glass-modified composites have been proposed to improve adhesion and bioactivity.
Objectives: To compare the SBS of graphene-modified, bioactive glass-modified, and conventional orthodontic composites under non-thermocycled and thermocycled conditions, and to evaluate their adhesive remnant index (ARI).
Methodology: This in-vitro experimental study included 60 extracted human premolars, divided into two independent sets of 30 teeth. One set underwent immediate SBS testing without thermocycling, while the other underwent thermocycling before SBS testing. Within each set, teeth were randomly allocated into three adhesive groups i.e., graphene-modified, bioactive glass-modified, and conventional composites, with 10 samples per group. Thermocycled specimens were thermocycled in distilled water baths (5-55°C, 5000 cycles). SBS was measured using a Universal Testing Machine, and failure patterns were assessed using ARI under stereomicroscopy. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.
Results: In non-thermocycled specimens, mean SBS was highest for graphene-modified composite (15.84±0.54 MPa), followed by bioactive glass-modified (12.80±1.09 MPa) and conventional composite (10.66±0.85 MPa). After aging, SBS decreased in all groups but remained highest in the graphene-modified group (14.01±0.47 MPa). Intergroup differences were significant in both non-thermocycled and thermocycled conditions (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed in ARI distribution across groups (p=0.442).
Conclusion: Graphene-modified composites showed the highest SBS and better resistance to artificial aging compared with bioactive glass-modified and conventional composites.
References
Khan H, Mheissen S, Iqbal A, Jafri AR, Alam MK. Bracket failure in orthodontic patients: the incidence and the influence of different factors. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022(1):5128870. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5128870.
Al-Salem MR, Albelasy NF, Al-Wakeel EE, Abdelnaby YL. Shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index evaluation of three different orthodontic adhesive systems using three different light curing times. Int J Adhes Adhes. 2024;133:103762. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103762.
Abdelaziz KM, Alshahrani I, Kamran MA, Alnazeh A. Debonding characteristics of orthodontic brackets subjected to intraoral stresses under different adhesive regimes: An in-vitro study. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater. 2020;18:2280800019899640. DOI: 10.1177/2280800019899640.
Condò R, Mampieri G, Cioffi A, Cataldi ME, Frustaci I, Giancotti A, et al. Physical and chemical mechanisms involved in adhesion of orthodontic bonding composites: in vitro evaluations. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):350-61. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01715-9.
Ibrahim L, Asghar H, Hassan H, Lone SB, Ali FZ, Younas A. Effect of Air Abrasion, Diamond Bur Roughening and Hydrofluoric Acid Etching on Shear Bond Strength of Repaired Resin Composites: An In Vitro Study. J Rehman Coll Dent. 2026 Apr 6;7(1):46-50. DOI: 10.52442/jrcd.v7i01.233.
Almosa N. Impact of Incorporating Nanoparticles to Adhesive Resin on the Demineralization of Enamel: A Systematic Review. Dent J. 2025;13(3):89-104. DOI: 10.3390/dj13030089
Shams S, Abela S, Andiappan M, Hajiheshmati A, Bister D. Shear bond strengths of 3 commonly used orthodontic adhesives. Dentistry. 2020;10(568):2161-1122.20. DOI: 10.35248/2161-1122.20.10.568.
Kiryk S, Kiryk J, Matys J, Dobrzyński M. The Influence of Resin Infiltration on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Funct Biomater. 2025;16(1):32-54. DOI: 10.3390/jfb16010032.
Bukhari K, Alaydaa R, Alhazmi R, Alharbi A, Alahmadi O, Zafar M, et al. Comparative analysis of shear bond strength and debonding characteristics of bioactive versus conventional orthodontic adhesives: An in-vitro study. Saudi Dent J. 2025;37(1):3-10. DOI: 10.1007/s44445-025-00002-5.
Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. Orthodontic adhesive doped with nano-graphene oxide: physico-mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2021;63(3):413-21. DOI: 10.3897/folmed.63.e53716.
De Angelis F, Vadini M, Buonvivere M, Valerio A, Di Cosola M, Piattelli A, et al. In vitro mechanical properties of a novel graphene-reinforced pmma-based dental restorative material. Polymers. 2023;15(3):622. DOI: 10.3390/polym15030622.
Maryoosh RM, Al-Shamma A. Development and assessment of fluorinated grapheme nanoparticles modified dental adhesives. Med Leg Update. 2020;20:41588. DOI: 10.37506/mlu.v20i4.2058.
Salam MA, Alsultany FH, Al-Bermany E, Sabri MM, Abdali K, Ahmed NM. Impact of graphene oxide nanosheets and polymethyl methacrylate on nano/hybrid-based restoration dental filler composites: ultrasound behavior and antibacterial activity. J Ultrasound. 2024:1-20. DOI: 10.1007/s40477-023-00855-8.
Mafetano APVP, Feitosa FA, da Silva Chagas G, Gomes NM, Rocha MB, Mailart MC, et al. Influence of Bioactive Glass Incorporation in Resin Adhesives of Orthodontic Brackets on Adhesion Properties and Calcium Release. Polymers. 2025;17(17):2282. DOI: 10.3390/polym17172282.
Chaichana W, Chanachai S, Insee K, Benjakul S, Naruphontjirakul P, Panpisut P, et al. The Evaluation of Degree of Monomer Conversion, Biaxial Flexural Strength, and Surface Mineral Precipitation of Orthodontic Adhesive Containing Sr-Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles, Calcium Phosphate, and Andrographolide. Materials. 2025;18(10):2278. DOI: 10.3390/ma18102278.
Alvarez D, Barmak AB, Rossouw PE, Michelogiannakis D. Comparison of shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to human teeth with and without fluorotic enamel: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of experimental in vitro studies. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2023;26(2):141-50. DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12602.
Hamdi K, Elsebaai A, Abdelshafi MA, Hamama HH. Remineralization and anti-demineralization effect of orthodontic adhesives on enamel surrounding orthodontic brackets: a systematic review of in vitro studies. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1446. DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-05237-y.
Goswami M, Wadhawan A, Nagar S, Ayub Y, Singh NJ, Manzoor Z. Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets with Color-changing Adhesives on Fluorosed Teeth: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2025;26(7):652-7. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3913.
Voinot J, Bedez M. Pretreatments to bonding on enamel and dentin disorders: a systematic review. Evid Based Dent. 2024;25(4):215-. DOI: 10.1038/s41432-024-01037-z.
Hassan R, Aslam Khan MU, Abdullah AM, Abd Razak SI. A review on current trends of polymers in orthodontics: BPA-free and smart materials. Polymers. 2021;13(9):1409. DOI: 10.3390/polym13091409.
Shalini S, Jha A, Kashyap P, Gupta P, Rajbhoj S, Bhandari S. A Comparison of the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded with Different Orthodontic Adhesives. Cureus. 2023;15(5): e39115. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39115.
Malik Z, Muhammad N, Kaleem M, Nayyar M, Qazi AS, Butt DQ, et al. Anticariogenic and mechanical characteristics of resin-modified glass ionomer cement containing lignin-decorated zinc oxide nanoparticles. ACS Applied Bio Materials. 2023;6(2):425-35. DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00644.
Ikram S, Liaqat S, Feroz S, Sharif F, Fawy KF, Ahmad N, et al. Effect of zinc oxide-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the friction reduction and antibacterial properties of orthodontic ceramic brackets and stainless-steel wires. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2025;36(1):1-13. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-025-06958-4.
Santos LK, Rocha HR, Pereira Barroso AC, Otoni RP, de Oliveira Santos CC, Fonseca-Silva T. Comparative analysis of adhesive remnant index of orthodontic adhesive systems. South Eur J Orthod Dentofac Res. 2021;8(2):26-30. DOI: 10.5937/sejodr8-30972.
Sharma S, Tandon P, Nagar A, Singh GP, Singh A, Chugh VK. A comparison of shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with four different orthodontic adhesives. J Orthod Sci. 2014;3(2):29-33. DOI: 10.4103/2278-0203.132892.
Tzimas K, Pappa E, Fostiropoulou M, Papazoglou E, Rahiotis C. Highly filled flowable composite resins as sole restorative materials: A systematic review. Materials. 2025;18(14):3370. DOI: 10.3390/ma18143370.
Vicente A, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Martínez-Beneyto Y, Jaimez M, Guerrero-Gironés J, Ortiz-Ruiz AJ. Biophysical and fluoride release properties of a resin modified glass ionomer cement enriched with bioactive glasses. Symmetry. 2021;13(3):494. DOI: 10.3390/sym13030494.
Santos LK, Rocha HR, Pereira Barroso AC, Otoni RP, de Oliveira Santos CC, Fonseca-Silva T. Comparative analysis of adhesive remnant index of orthodontic adhesive systems. South European J Orthod Dentofac Res. 2021;8(2):26-30. DOI: 10.5937/sejodr8-30972.
Prodan D, Moldovan M, Cuc S, Sarosi C, Petean I, Filip M, et al. Advanced Dentistry Biomaterials Containing Graphene Oxide. Polymers. 2024;16(12):1743. DOI: 10.3390/polym16121743.
Almutairi B, Kattan HF, BinMahfooz AM, Qutub OA, Basunbul G, ArRejaie AS, et al. Synergistic effect of graphene oxide/calcium phosphate nanofiller in a dentin adhesive on its dentin bond integrity and degree of conversion. A scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, micro‐Raman, and bond strength study. Microsc Res Tech. 2021;84(9):2082-94. DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23764.
Par M, Plančak L, Ratkovski L, Tauböck TT, Marovic D, Attin T, et al. Improved flexural properties of experimental resin composites functionalized with a customized low-sodium bioactive glass. Polymers. 2022;14(20):4289. DOI: 10.3390/polym14204289.
Carneiro ER, Coelho AS, Amaro I, Paula AB, Marto CM, Saraiva J, et al. Mechanical and tribological characterization of a bioactive composite resin. Appl Sci. 2021;11(17):8256. DOI: 10.3390/app11178256.
Kim H-J, Jang J-H, Woo SU, Choi K-K, Kim S-Y, Ferracane JL, et al. Effect of novel bioactive glass-containing dentin adhesive on the permeability of demineralized dentin. Materials. 2021;14(18):5423. DOI: 10.3390/ma14185423.
Kamel KM. The Effect of Thermo-cycling on Macro Shear Bond Strength of Bulk Fill and Incremental Resin Composite Using Two Different Bonding Systems. Egypt Dent J. 2024;70(2):1957-64. DOI: 10.21608/edj.2024.251395.2803.
Liu S, El-Angbawi A, Rosa V, Silikas N. Physico-Mechanical Properties and Bonding Performance of Graphene-Added Orthodontic Adhesives. J Funct Biomater. 2024;15(8):204. DOI: 10.3390/jfb15080204.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Rehman Medical Institute
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
